International Journal of Nephrology and Urology publishes original articles, clinical challenges, review articles, research reports, case reports, letters and meeting reports every three months. The papers in all fields of nephrology and urology, are welcomed.

Submission

International Journal of Nephrology and Urology recommends you to send your articles through our online submission system, easy to use and easy to track, thus by conducting all procedures electronically your submission will be done rather faster. Keep our website in mind: www.inu.ir. Once you submit an article it will be forwarded to one of the editors at least and one of the peer-reviewers to have it reviewed and evaluated.
At once after submission, the author will be notified of both the submission process by means of Email and the follow-up code. It is recommended to save the sent code for all the future correspondence regarding each article separately. For those who prefer posting manuscripts, the mailing address is P.O Box 14155-3651, Tehran, IR. Iran.

In the cover letter, authors (or the corresponding author on behalf of all authors) should state that the manuscript, or part of it, has not been and will not be published elsewhere or submitted elsewhere for publication.

Manuscript preparation

To send electronically, manuscripts should be in Word Document or Rich Text Format. Manuscripts, well-written in English, should follow the style of the agreement detailed in the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, a copy of which can be found at http://www.icmje.org. Manuscripts sent in other languages or poorly-written make an extra charge for translation or revision which shall be paid by author(s). Please double check the article for spelling, structure and format mistakes. What follows is a series of recommendations on how the article should be like in order to process it faster and more efficiently.

Title page
All the following should be clearly stated on the title page:
Title: choose a title that is long enough to cover the main points and by considering the importance of shortness
Author(s): full name of all authors should be mentioned.
Institution(s): all institutions should be written for each author.
Corresponding author: one of the authors should be picked out for possible correspondence before and after publication. Their address, telephone number and email should be written.
Support: sources of any supports should be mentioned.
Running title: a shorter version of the title (40 characters at most) is needed for page footer.
Word counts: especially for long articles, it is necessary to mention the total number of words.

Conflict of interest notification page
To prevent the information on potential conflict of interest for authors from being overlooked or misplaced, the information to be a part of the manuscript is essential.

Abstract and keywords
An abstract of at most 250-300 words should be provided to state the reason for the study, the main findings and the conclusions drawn from the observation. Abstract of original articles and brief reports should be structured under the following headings: background and aims, methods, results and conclusions. A list of 3-10 keywords must be provided for indexing purposes.

Article
The rest of the article differs according to the article type you are submitting but generally includes the following headings: introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion and references.
Introduction: This should summarize the purpose and the rationale for the study. It should neither review the subject extensively nor should it have data or conclusions of the study.
Materials & Methods: This should include exact method or observation or experiment. If an apparatus is used, its manufacturer's name and address should be given in parenthesis. If the method is established, give reference but if the method is new, give enough information so that another author is able to perform it. If a drug is used, its generic name, dose and route of administration must be given. Statistical method must be mentioned and specify any general computer programme used. The Info system used should be clearly mentioned.
Results: It must be presented in the form of text, tables and illustrations. The contents of the tables should not be all repeated in the text. Instead, a reference to the table number may be given. Long articles may need sub-headings within some sections (especially the Results and Discussion parts) to clarify their contents.
Discussion: This should emphasize the present findings and the variations or similarities with other work done in the field by other workers. The detailed data should not be repeated in the discussion again. Emphasize the new and important aspects of the study and the conclusions that follow from them. It must be mentioned whether the hypothesis mentioned in the article is true, false or no conclusions can be derived.
Acknowledgements: All contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be covered in the acknowledgement section. It should include persons who provided technical help, writing assistance and departmental head who only provided general support. Financial and material support should also be acknowledged.
Tables: All tables must be included within the text of the manuscript in the appropriate section (i.e. in introduction, materials and methods, results or discussion). Please do not put the tables at the end of the manuscript and do not upload them as separate files.
Figures: All figures, charts and so forth come at the end of the article with references in the article. Figures should be uploaded as separate PNG, JPEG, or GIF files.

Letters to the editor:
Letters to the editor will be considered if they give significant comments on recent articles published in International Journal of Nephrology and Urology or they contain relevant preliminary data providing new insights. Letters need no abstract, should be no more than 400 words, must cite the previous article in International Journal of Nephrology and Urology that is being discussed, and should have no more than five references.

Brief report:
Report sorts should not exceed 750 words and should contain a structured abstract of 150 words maximum. Short reports should comprise sections of Introduction, Materials & Methods, Results and Discussion with not more than 2 tables or figures and up to 10 references.

Clinical Challenge:
Clinical challenges present a striking clinical image that is meant to challenge and inform readers and to illustrate and teach important medical points and the diagnosis and discussion should make an important medical teaching point. Clinical challenges need no abstract but should include 3 to 5 references.

Health Policy Challenge:
Health policy challenge identify and discuss important issues of urinary tract and renal diseases, linked to health policies of a country or region as well as analysis of social, economical, ethical and political issues. Health policy challenge should normally not be more than 2500 words with an unstructured abstract of no more than 150 words.

References
References should be numbered and listed in order of appearance in the text. Cite the names of all authors when there are six or fewer; when seven or more, list the three followed by et al. Names of journals should be abbreviated in the style used in Index Medicus.

Journal article
Nafar M, Lessan-Pezeshki M, shahbazian H, et al. Gastrointestinal and Liver Malignancies after Renal Transplantation: A multicenter Study.Int J Nephrol Urol. 2009;1:33-8.

Book
Roberts NK. The Cardiac Conducting System and the His Bundle Electrogram. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1981;49-56.

Chapter in a book
Kitchen AD, Barbra JAJ. Prevention. In: Zuckerman AG, Thomas HC. Viral Hepatitis. 2nd edition. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh: 1998;347-56.

Fonts
To distinguish different parts of the article, it is recommended to use the font Times New Roman size 12 for the body, size 12 bold for subheadings, size 14 for headings and size 14 bold for the title.

Proofs: Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author. Galley proofs should be returned within 72 hours from receipt with clear indication of any changes.

Review Process: All submitted manuscripts are examined by the Editorial Board and sent to two or three peer-reviewers. Authors are usually notified within 2-3 months about the acceptability of their manuscript. On receiving reviewers’ comments, authors are requested to send the revised article, and a copy of their reply to the reviewers, including the comment and explaining the replies to questions and changes made to the revised version.

To make sure your article meets all the requirements, please use the following checklist.
□ Full names and affiliates of all authors are added.
□ Corresponding author is determined.
□ Email, mailing address, telephone numbers (fixed, mobile and fax) are added.
□ Names of all institutions involved in the project are mentioned.
□ Ethical consideration has been clearly stated.
□ Title is short and informative.
□ Abstract does not exceed the limit.
□ 3-10 keywords are picked.
□ Body has introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and conclusion.
□ References are put in the right place through the text as superscript in parentheses.
□ References follow the style described in the ‘manuscript preparation’ section.
□ Copyright form has been signed by all authors and mailed or faxed.